TYPHOID FEVER PADA ANAK USIA 2 TAHUN 9 BULAN: SEBUAH LAPORAN KASUS
Abstract
ABSTRAK
Demam tifoid masih menjadi masalah kesehatan masyarakat utama di negara berkembang, termasuk Indonesia. Penyakit ini sering menyerang anak-anak akibat faktor risiko seperti kebersihan yang buruk dan kebiasaan jajan sembarangan. Kasus: Seorang anak perempuan berusia 2 tahun 9 bulan datang dengan demam sejak 3 hari sebelum masuk rumah sakit, disertai diare cair, muntah, dan nyeri perut. Riwayat kebiasaan jajan sembarangan ditemukan. Pemeriksaan fisik menunjukkan lidah kotor dan faring hiperemis. Status gizi pasien tergolong gizi kurang. Pemeriksaan laboratorium menunjukkan anemia ringan, penurunan hematokrit, dan hasil Widal S. Typhi O 1/320. Pasien didiagnosis sebagai typhoid fever dan mendapat terapi ceftriaxone intravena, antipiretik, antiemetik, suplementasi zinc, probiotik, serta cairan intravena. Kondisi pasien membaik dan dipulangkan dalam keadaan stabil. Diskusi: Diagnosis tifoid pada anak perlu mempertimbangkan gejala klinis yang sering tidak khas. Pemeriksaan Widal dapat menunjang diagnosis pada daerah endemis, namun kultur darah tetap gold standard. Tatalaksana dengan antibiotik sefalosporin generasi ketiga terbukti efektif pada pasien anak yang membutuhkan rawat inap. Kesimpulan: Deteksi dini dan terapi yang tepat dapat memperbaiki prognosis demam tifoid pada anak. Edukasi mengenai kebersihan makanan dan pencegahan melalui imunisasi tifoid merupakan strategi penting untuk menurunkan angka kejadian penyakit ini.
ABSTRACT
Typhoid fever remains a major public health problem in developing countries, including Indonesia. This disease often affects children due to risk factors such as poor hygiene and the habit of eating street food. Case: A 2-year-9-month-old girl was admitted to the hospital with a fever that had started 3 days prior, accompanied by watery diarrhea, vomiting, and abdominal pain. A history of eating street food was found. Physical examination revealed a coated tongue and hyperemic pharynx. The patient's nutritional status was classified as malnourished. Laboratory tests showed mild anemia, decreased hematocrit, and a Widal test result of S. Typhi O 1/320. The patient was diagnosed with typhoid fever and received intravenous ceftriaxone, antipyretics, antiemetics, zinc supplementation, probiotics, and intravenous fluids. The patient's condition improved and he was discharged in stable condition. Discussion: The diagnosis of typhoid in children needs to consider clinical symptoms that are often non-specific. Widal testing can support diagnosis in endemic areas, but blood culture remains the gold standard. Treatment with third-generation cephalosporin antibiotics has been proven effective in pediatric patients requiring hospitalization. Conclusion: Early detection and appropriate therapy can improve the prognosis of typhoid fever in children. Education on food hygiene and prevention through typhoid immunization are important strategies to reduce the incidence of this disease.
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